Elastisitas Permintaan Tenaga Kerja Dan Kekakuan Upah Riil Sektoral Di Sulawesi Selatan

EnglishThis study aimed to measure the elasticity of labor demand and the level of real wage rigidity as well as studying the dynamic behavior of real wages in South Sulawesi. The elasticity of labor demand were analyzed using an OLS method, the level of wage rigidity was analyzed using an error correction model (ECM), and dynamic behavior of real wages was analyzed using an impulse response function (IRF). The results showed that the elasticity of labor demand was inelastic to the real wages in all sectors. The elasticity of labor demand of the changes in a variety of sources of economic growth was also inelastic in all sectors. The employment opportunities in agricultural and industrial sectors were more responding to the increasing exports and investment, while other sectors more responding to the increased private consumption. Labor productivity and imports significantly reduced employment opportunities in all sectors. The industrial sector had a more real wages rigidity compared to the real wages in agricultural sector and other. Real wages rigidity of industrial sector took about 4.6 years to reach equilibrium conditions, while the agricultural sector only took about 1.5 years and other sectors needed about 2.2 years. The increased competitiveness of various exported commodities and the creation of a conducive-investment climate were a strategic step to expand employment opportunities. In addition, the policy such as setting the regional minimum wage (UMR) more suitable to market wages was also considered as a strategy to reduce wage rigidity in South Sulawesi.IndonesianStudi ini bertujuan untuk mengukur elastisitas permintaan tenaga kerja dan tingkat kekakuan upah riil serta mempelajari perilaku dinamis upah riil sektoral di Sulawesi Selatan. Elastisitas permintaan tenaga kerja dianalisis dengan metode OLS, tingkat kekakuan upah menggunakan Error Correction Model (ECM) dan perilaku dinamis upah riil menggunakan metode Impuls Respon Function (IRF). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa elastisitas permintaan tenaga kerja terhadap upah riil adalah inelastis di semua sektor. Elastisitas permintaan tenaga kerja atas Perubahan berbagai sumber-sumber pertumbuhan ekonomi juga inelastis di semua sektor. Kesempatan kerja sektor pertanian dan industri lebih merespon peningkatan ekspor dan investasi sedangkan sektor lainnya lebih merespon peningkatan konsumsi masyarakat. Produktivitas tenaga kerja dan impor signifikan mereduksi kesempatan kerja di semua sektor. Lebih lanjut, sektor industri memiliki upah riil yang lebih kaku di bandingkan upah riil sektor pertanian dan sektor lainnya. Upah riil sektor industri membutuhkan waktu sekitar 4,6 tahun untuk mencapai kondisi keseimbangannya sedangkan sektor pertanian hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar 1,5 tahun dan sektor lainnya sekitar 2.2 tahun. Peningkatan daya saing komoditi ekspor dan penciptaan iklim investasi yang kondusif merupakan langkah strategis untuk perluasan kesempatan kerja. Selain itu, kebijakan seperti penetapan UMR yang lebih sesuai dengan upah pasar juga dipandang strategis untuk mengurangi kekakuan upah di Sulawesi Selatan

A novel Multi-permittivity Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wideband Applications

In this paper, a novel multi-permittivity cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for wideband application is presented. The multi-permittivity cylinder is formed by combining two different permittivity material sectors in such a way that each sector (with constant permittivity) is 90 degree apart. A direct microstrip line coupling terminated with T-stub at the open end is used to excite the multi-permittivity cylindrical dielectric resonator. The angular position of the multi sector dielectric resonator with respect to the longitudinal axis of the microstrip line and length of the additional strip at the open end of the feeding circuit is key parameters for wideband operation of the antenna. By optimizing all parameters of the proposed antenna, wideband impedance bandwidth of 56% (12.1 GHz - 21.65 GHz) is achieved. The average gain of the antenna throughout the bandwidth is 5.9 dB with good radiation properties in both E-plane and H-plane. A well matched simulation and experimental results show that the antenna is suitable for wideband applications

Propiedades térmicas del mortero de cemento con diferentes proporciones de mezcla

The energy required for the heating and cooling of buildings is strongly dependant on the thermal properties of the construction material. Cement mortar is a common construction material that is widely used in buildings. The main aim of this study is to assess the thermal properties of cement mortar in terms of its ther­mal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity in a wide range of grades (cement: sand ratio between 1:2 and 1:8). As there is insufficient information to predict the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of a cement mortar from its physical and mechanical properties, the relationships between thermal conductivity and diffu­sivity and density, compressive strength, water absorption and porosity are also discussed. Our results indicate that, for a cement mortar with a 28-day compressive strength in the range of 6–60 MPa, thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity are in the range of 1.5–2.7 W/(m.K), 0.87–1.04 kJ/kg.K and 0.89–1.26 (x10-6 m2/s), respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that pore size varied from 18 μm to 946 μm for samples with different cement-to-sand ratios. The porosity of cement mortar has a signifi­cant effect on its thermal and physical properties. For this reason, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity was greater in cement mortar samples with a higher density and compressive strength.La energía reque­rida para la calefacción y la refrigeración de los edificios depende en gran medida de las propiedades térmicas del material de construcción. El mortero de cemento es un material de construcción común que se usa ampliamente en edificios. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar las propiedades térmicas del mortero de cemento en términos de su conductividad térmica, capacidad térmica y difusividad térmica en una amplia gama de grados (relación cemento: arena entre 1: 2 y 1: 8). Como no hay información suficiente para predecir la conductividad térmica y la difusividad de un mortero de cemento a partir de sus propiedades físicas y mecánicas, también se discuten las relaciones entre la conductividad térmica y la difusividad y la densidad, la resistencia a la compresión, la absorción de agua y la porosidad. Los resultados indican que, para un mortero de cemento con una resistencia a la compresión de 28 días en el rango de 6–60 MPa, la conductividad térmica, el calor específico y la difusividad térmica están en el rango de 1.5–2.7 W / (mK), 0.87–1.04 kJ / kg·K y 0.89–1.26 (x10-6 m2/s), respectivamente. Las imágenes del microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) mostraron que el tamaño de poro variaba de 18 μm a 946 μm para muestras con diferentes proporciones de cemento:arena. La porosidad del mortero de cemento tiene un efecto significativo en sus propiedades térmicas y físicas. Por esta razón, la conductividad térmica y la difusividad térmica fueron mayores en las muestras de mortero de cemento con mayor densidad y resistencia a la compresión

The impact of IEQ on occupants’ satisfaction in Malaysian buildings

This paper focuses on the importance of occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality in buildings as well as the effect of indoor environmental quality towards occupants’ satisfaction. This research applied post-occupancy evaluation as a method to indicate the building occupants’ needs, their satisfaction and comfort level. The research is based on a case study approach whereby a questionnaire survey was conducted among 25 organizations involved in managing office buildings. A total of 115 questionnaires were returned for evaluation of occupants’ overall satisfaction from aspects of indoor environmental quality in these buildings and to determine the occupants’ satisfaction level within these buildings. The findings revealed that indoor environment factors that could contribute to occupants’ satisfaction consists of lighting, air quality and aesthetic perception. These classifications were made based on the factor analysis done with 22 attributes of the indoor environment. The majority of occupants are satisfied with their health conditions and do not face any serious health problems. However, occupants highlighted that some environmental conditions, health effects, air movement, ventilation and air freshness are important criteria for their satisfaction and comfort. This study provides insights into how occupants perceive their indoor environment and comfort, and identify problems that could arise in buildings

Assessing the impact of indoor plants towards physical indoor office building environment in hot and humid climates

Several studies have shown that plants with a variety of performance categories can improve indoor air quality (IAQ). In addition, it has positive impacts on occupants’ concentration ability, work efficiency, job satisfaction, mental health, stress reduction, and sense of well-being. However, there is few research that have focused on the impact of indoor plants towards physical indoor environment. Therefore, this study performs several experiments to examine the impacts of indoor plants on physical indoor environment in Malaysia. This study further observes the use of five different species of potted plants and its effects on the IAQ concerning the physical parameters of air temperature and relative humidity in a classroom and an office room setting environment. Moreover, this paper explores the function of plants as a natural air purifying agent and temperature regulation, as it helps to cool down the internal temperature of a building while providing areas of the building with an aesthetic element. This study involves the assessment of plant and indoor space benefit studies, as well as the description of plant varieties and characteristics. Finally, the overall findings from several experiments show significant differences in relative humidity and total target volatile organic compound (TVOC) in the room. With intervention, it can be concluded that the inclusion of potted plants in a room have improved all parameters measured compared with that in normal condition. For future works, it is proposed that further study is done on the form of species, including the importance of understanding the need for positioning the potted plants in indoor environments

Particulate matter mass concentration (PM10) under different ventilation methods in classrooms

Recently, studies have shown that the classroom environment is very important for students' health and performance. Thus, the evaluation of indoor air quality (IAQ) in a classroom is necessary to ensure students' well-being. In this paper the emphasis is on airborne concentration of particulate matter (PM) in adult education rooms. The mass concentration of PM10 particulates was measured in two classrooms under different ventilation methods in the University of Reading, UK, during the winter period of 2008. In another study the measurement of the concentration of particles was accompanied with measurements of CO2 concentration in these classrooms but this study is the subject of another publication. The ambient PM10, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and rainfall events were monitored as well. In general, this study showed that outdoor particle concentrations and outdoor meteorological parameters were identified as significant factors influencing indoor particle concentration levels. Ventilation methods showed significant effects on air change rate and on indoor/outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios. Higher levels of indoor particulates were seen during occupancy periods. I/O ratios were significantly higher when classrooms were occupied than when they were unoccupied, indicating the effect of both people presence and outdoor particle concentration levels. The concentrations of PM10 indoors and outdoors did not meet the requirements of WHO standards for PM10 annual average

The spatial distribution of carbon dioxide in rooms with particular application to classrooms

In most buildings, occupants are the main source of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) due to exhalation. Although CO2 is not considered to pose serious health risks to occupants, elevated levels of CO2 may serve as an indicator of insufficient ventilation. This study examines how CO2 is distributed within a complex indoor environment of a classroom and how this distribution is affected by different parameters. Measuring CO2 concentrations at a single location or height may not act as a true representation of an entire space, unless it is measured in a very small confined space. In this study, it was observed that higher CO2 concentration values can be found at higher levels in a room and not only at a height between 1 m and 1.2 m as claimed by many researchers. Therefore, if CO2 concentration levels vary significantly, deviations from the average measured values could become large. It was also found that the CO2 concentration reflects the dynamic relationship among the occupants, their activity levels and occupancy periods. The findings present a useful contribution for future researchers to efficiently and strategically design experimental set ups with well-organised positioning of sensors for CO2 monitoring purposes